Happy birthday, Tom Waits (born in December 1949)

Thomas Alan Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American musician, composer, songwriter, and actor. His lyrics often focus on society’s underworld and are delivered in his trademark deep, gravelly voice. He began in the folk scene during the 1970s, but his music since the 1980s has reflected the influence of such diverse genres as rock, Delta blues, opera, vaudeville, cabaret, funk, hip hop and experimental techniques verging on industrial music.

As per The Wall Street Journal, Waits “has composed a body of work that’s at least comparable to any songwriter’s in pop today. A keen, sensitive and sympathetic chronicler of the adrift and downtrodden, Mr. Waits creates three-dimensional characters who, even in their confusion and despair, are capable of insight and startling points of view. Their stories are accompanied by music that’s unlike any other in pop history.”

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Tom Waits was born and raised in a middle-class family in Pomona, California. Inspired by the work of Bob Dylan and the Beat Generation, he began singing on the San Diego folk circuit. He relocated to Los Angeles in 1972, where he worked as a songwriter before signing a recording contract with Asylum Records. His first albums were the jazzy Closing Time (1973), The Heart of Saturday Night (1974) and Nighthawks at the Diner (1975), which reflected his lyrical interest in poverty, criminality and nightlife.

He repeatedly toured the United States, Europe and Japan, and found greater critical and commercial success with Small Change (1976), Blue Valentine (1978) and Heartattack and Vine (1980). During this period, Waits entered the world of film, acting in Paradise Alley (1978), where he met a young story editor named Kathleen Brennan.

He composed the soundtrack for Francis Ford Coppola’s One from the Heart (1982) and made cameos in several subsequent Coppola films.

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In 1980, Waits married Brennan, split from his manager and record label, and moved to New York City. With Brennan’s encouragement and frequent collaboration, he pursued a more eclectic and experimental sound influenced by Harry Partch and Captain Beefheart, as heard on the loose trilogy Swordfishtrombones (1983), Rain Dogs (1985) and Franks Wild Years (1987). Waits starred in Jim Jarmusch’s Down by Law (1986), lent his voice to his Mystery Train (1989), composed the soundtrack for his Night on Earth (1991) and appeared in his Coffee and Cigarettes (2003).

He collaborated with Robert Wilson and William S. Burroughs on the “cowboy opera” The Black Rider (1990), the songs for which were released on the album The Black Rider. Waits and Wilson collaborated again on Alice (2002) and Woyzeck (2000). Bone Machine (1992) and Mule Variations (1999) won Grammys for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Contemporary Folk Album, respectively. In 2002, the songs from Alice and Wozzeck were recorded and released on the albums Alice and Blood Money. Waits went on to release Real Gone (2004), the compilation Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards (2006), the live album Glitter and Doom Live (2009) and Bad as Me (2011).

Waits has influenced many artists and gained an international cult following. His songs have been covered by Bruce Springsteen, Tori Amos, Rod Stewart and the Eagles and he has written songs for Johnny Cash and Norah Jones, among others. In 2011, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Introducing him, Neil Young said:

“This next man is indescribable, and I’m here to describe him. He’s sort of a performer, singer, actor, magician, spirit guide, changeling… I think it’s great that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has recognized this immense talent. Could have been the Motion Picture Hall of Fame, could have been the Blues Hall of Fame, could have been the Performance Artist Hall of Fame, but it was the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame that recognized the great Tom Waits.” In accepting the award, Waits mused, “They say that I have no hits and that I’m difficult to work with. And they say that like it’s a bad thing!”

Musical style

Per Bowman, Tom Waits:

has never been of his time, ahead of his time, or, for that matter, locked into any particular time. An outsider artist before the term was in common use, Waits has been enamored, at various points in his career, with the cool of 1940s and 1950s jazz; the 1950s and 1960s word-jazz and poetry of such Beat and Beat-influenced writers as Jack Kerouac, Lord Buckley, and Charles Bukowski; the primal rock & roll crunch of the Rolling Stones; the German cabaret stylings of Kurt Weill; the postwar, alternate world of invented instruments and rugged individualism of avant-garde composer Harry Partch; the proto-metal blues of 1950s and 1960s Howlin' Wolf and their extension into the world of Captain Beefheart's late-1960s avant-rock; the archaic formalism of 19th-century parlor ballads; Dylan's early- and mid-sixties transformation of the possibilities of language in the worlds of both folk and rock; the elegance of pre-war Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Hoagy Carmichael; the sophistication of postwar Frank Sinatra; and, more recently, the bone-crushing grooves of 1980s and 1990s funk and hip-hop. Indeed, the art of Tom Waits has altogether transcended time and, to some degree, place.

Asked about the distinction between words and music, he says: “I’m still a word guy. I’m drawn to people who use a certain vernacular and communicate with words. Words are music, really. I mean, people ask me, ‘Do you write music or do you write words?’ But you don’t really, it’s all one thing at its best.” His work was influenced by his voracious reading and by conversations that he overheard in diners.

In addition to Kerouac and Bukowski, literary influences include Nelson Algren, John Rechy and Hubert Selby Jr. Bowman notes the influence of crime writers like Dashiell Hammett and John D. Macdonald. Tom Waits says that “for a songwriter, Dylan is as essential as a hammer and nails and saw are to a carpenter.”

Musical influences include Randy Newman and Dr. John. He has praised Merle Haggard: “Want to learn how to write songs? Listen to Merle Haggard.” He is an opera lover, and recalls hearing Puccini’s “Nessun dorma” “in the kitchen at Coppola’s with Raul Julia one night, and it changed my life, that particular Aria… It was like giving a cigar to a five-year old.” A jazz influence is Thelonious Monk: “He almost sounded like a kid taking piano lessons. I could relate to that when I first started playing the piano, because he was decomposing the music while he was playing it.”

Regarding his eclectic influences, he says: “I draw from all kinds of sources and I listen to a lot of things … I would recommend that when you are starting out that you stay with your own stuff and find out who you are. And stay with you mining your own unique qualities rather than trying to sound like somebody else. I mean you do start out like somebody else, and slowly you become yourself, so it’s kinda like life, you know?”

Waits described his voice as being “the sand in the sandwich.” By 1982, Waits’s musical style shifted; Hoskyns noted that this new style “was fashioned out of diverse and disparate ingredients.” This new style was influenced by Beefheart and Partch. Noting that he had a “gravelly timbre”, Humphries characterized Waits’s voice as one that “sounds like it was hauled through Hades in a dredger.”

His voice was described by critic Daniel Durchholz as sounding as though “it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car.” Rolling Stone also noted his “rusted plow-blade voice.” One of Waits’s own favorite descriptions of his vocal style was “Louis Armstrong and Ethel Merman meeting in Hell.”

Humphries cited him, alongside Newman, Kris Kristofferson and John Prine, as a number of U.S. singers who followed Dylan in breaking away from conventional styles of popular music and singing with their “distinctive” voices. Tom Waits can sing in falsetto, as heard on “Shore Leave”, “Temptation” and “All Stripped Down”. Waits said he couldn’t sing in falsetto until after he quit smoking, adding “Nobody does it like Mick Jagger; nobody does it like Prince.”

He is known for his eclectic use of instruments, some of his own devising. On Swordfishtrombones, his orchestration included talking drums, bagpipes, banjo, bass marimba and glass harmonica; on Rain Dogs, accordion and harmonium; on Franks Wild Years, glockenspiel, Mellotron, Farfisa and Optigan; on Bone Machine and Mule Variations, the Chamberlin; on The Black Rider, the singing saw; on Alice, the Stroh violin; on Blood Money, a 57-whistle pneumatic calliope and an Indonesian seedpod.

He explains “I use things we hear around us all the time, built and found instruments. Things that aren’t normally considered instruments: dragging a chair across the floor or hitting the side of a locker real hard with a two-by-four, a freedom bell, a brake drum with a major imperfection, a police bullhorn. It’s more interesting. I don’t like straight lines. The problem is that most instruments are square and music is always round.” As he later put it, “A lot of things are instruments and they don’t even know it.”

Tom Waits’ Discography

Closing Time (1973)
The Heart of Saturday Night (1974)
Nighthawks at the Diner (1975)
Small Change (1976)
Foreign Affairs (1977)
Blue Valentine (1978)
Heartattack and Vine (1980)
Swordfishtrombones (1983)
Rain Dogs (1985)
Franks Wild Years (1987)
Bone Machine (1992)
The Black Rider (1993)
Mule Variations (1999)
Alice (2002)
Blood Money (2002)
Real Gone (2004)
Bad as Me (2011)

Filmography (on Wikipedia)

Tom Waits – “This One’s From The Heart”

“This One’s From The Heart” by Tom Waits from the ‘One From The Heart’ soundtrack

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